Menstrual cycle and performance
Constantini, N. W., Dubnov, G., & Lebrun, C. M. (2005). The menstrual cycle and sport performance. Clin Sports Med, 24(2), e51-82, xiii-xiv. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2005.01.003
Giacomoni, M., Bernard, T., Gavarry, O., Altare, S., & Falgairette, G. (2000). Influence of the menstrual cycle phase and menstrual symptoms on maximal anaerobic performance. Med Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32(2), 486-492. doi:10.1097/00005768-200002000-00034
Gold, E. B., Wells, C., & Rasor, M. O. (2016). The Association of Inflammation with Premenstrual Symptoms. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 25(9), 865-874. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5529
Julian, R., Hecksteden, A., Fullagar, H. H., & Meyer, T. (2017). The effects of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance in female soccer players. PLoS One, 12(3), e0173951. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173951
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28288203/
Lebrun, C. M., McKenzie, D. C., Prior, J. C., & Taunton, J. E. (1995). Effects of menstrual cycle phase on athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27(3), 437-444.
Strava. (2019). Press Release - Largest Global Study of Active Women.
https://www.fitrwoman.com/post/press-release-largest-global-studyof-active-women
Menstrual cycle dysfunction in athletes
Bruinvels, G., Burden, R., Brown, N., Richards, T., & Pedlar, C. (2016). The Prevalence and Impact of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (Menorrhagia) in Elite and Non-Elite Athletes. PLoS One, 11(2), e0149881. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149881
Gordon, C. M., Ackerman, K. E., Berga, S. L., Kaplan, J. R., Mastorakos, G., Misra, M., . . . Warren, M. P. (2017). Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 102(5), 1413-1439. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00131
Hagmar, M., Berglund, B., Brismar, K., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2009). Hyperandrogenism may explain reproductive dysfunction in olympic athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(6), 1241-1248. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318195a21a
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., . . . Ljungqvist, A. (2014). The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad--Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med, 48(7), 491-497. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502
Oh, J. Y., Sung, Y. A., & Lee, H. J. (2014). Clinical implications of menstrual cycle length in oligomenorrhoeic young women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 80(1), 115-121. doi:10.1111/cen.12243
Redman, L. M., & Loucks, A. B. (2005). Menstrual disorders in athletes. Sports Med, 35(9), 747-755. doi:10.2165/00007256-200535090-00002
Teede, H. J., Misso, M. L., Boyle, J. A., Garad, R. M., McAllister, V., Downes, L., . . . International, P. N. (2018). Translation and implementation of the Australian-led PCOS guideline: clinical summary and translation resources from the International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Med J Aust, 209(S7), S3-S8.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30453865/
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). Endometriosis in Australia: prevalence and hospitalisations. Canberra: AIHW.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-disease/endometriosis-prevalence-and-hospitalisations/contents/table-of-contents
Hormonal contraception
Baillargeon, J., McClish, D., Essah, P. and Nestler, J. (2005). Association between the Current Use of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives and Cardiovascular Arterial Disease: A Meta-Analysis. . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism., 90(7), 3863-3870.
Burrows, M., & Peters, C. E. (2007). The influence of oral contraceptives on athletic performance in female athletes. Sports Med, 37(7), 557-574. doi:10.2165/00007256-200737070-00001
Cea-Soriano, L., Garcia Rodriguez, L. A., Machlitt, A., & Wallander, M. A. (2014). Use of prescription contraceptive methods in the UK general population: a primary care study. BJOG, 121(1), 53-60; discussion 60-51. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12465
Daniels, K., Daugherty, J., & Jones, J. (2014). Current contraceptive status among women aged 15-44: United States, 2011-2013. NCHS Data Brief(173), 1-8.
Kemmeren, J. M., Algra, A., & Grobbee, D. E. (2001). Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ, 323(7305), 131-134. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7305.131
Khalili, H. (2016). Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Oral Contraceptives and Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Drug Saf, 39(3), 193-197. doi:10.1007/s40264-015-0372-y
Lebrun, C. M. (1993). Effect of the different phases of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on athletic performance. Sports Med, 16(6), 400-430. doi:10.2165/00007256-199316060-00005
Martin, D., Sale, C., Cooper, S. B., & Elliott-Sale, K. J. (2018). Period Prevalence and Perceived Side Effects of Hormonal Contraceptive Use and the Menstrual Cycle in Elite Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 13(7), 926-932. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0330
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29283683/
Rechichi, C., Dawson, B., & Goodman, C. (2009). Athletic performance and the oral contraceptive. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 4(2), 151-162. doi:10.1123/ijspp.4.2.151
Schaumberg, M. A., Emmerton, L. M., Jenkins, D. G., Burton, N. W., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., & Skinner, T. L. (2018). Use of Oral Contraceptives to Manipulate Menstruation in Young, Physically Active Women. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 13(1), 82-87. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0689
Wong, C. L., Farquhar, C., Roberts, H., & Proctor, M. (2009). Oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4), CD002120. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002120.pub3
Menstrual cycle, hormonal contraception, and ACL injury
Balachandar, V., Marciniak, J. L., Wall, O., & Balachandar, C. (2017). Effects of the menstrual cycle on lower-limb biomechanics, neuromuscular control, and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk: a systematic review. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J, 7(1), 136-146. doi:10.11138/mltj/2017.7.1.136
DeFroda, S. F., Bokshan, S. L., Worobey, S., Ready, L., Daniels, A. H., & Owens, B. D. (2019). Oral contraceptives provide protection against anterior cruciate ligament tears: a national database study of 165,748 female patients. Phys Sportsmed, 47(4), 416-420. doi:10.1080/00913847.2019.1600334
Herzberg, S. D., Motu'apuaka, M. L., Lambert, W., Fu, R., Brady, J., & Guise, J. M. (2017). The Effect of Menstrual Cycle and Contraceptives on ACL Injuries and Laxity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med, 5(7), 2325967117718781. doi:10.1177/2325967117718781
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28795075/
Lefevre, N., Bohu, Y., Klouche, S., Lecocq, J., & Herman, S. (2013). Anterior cruciate ligament tear during the menstrual cycle in female recreational skiers. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 99(5), 571-575. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2013.02.005
Murphy, D. F., Connolly, D. A., & Beynnon, B. D. (2003). Risk factors for lower extremity injury: a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med, 37(1), 13-29. doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.1.13
Prior, J., Whittaker, J. L., & Scott, A. W. (2019). Adolescent combined hormonal contraceptives and surgical repair of anterior cruciate tears: a risky recommendation based on an unproven causal relationship. Phys Sportsmed, 47(3), 240-241. doi:10.1080/00913847.2019.1629739
Gender differences in concussion
Colantonio A, Mar W, Escobar M, et al. (2010) Women’s health outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Womens Health . 19(6):1109-1116.
Covassin T, Elbin RJ, Bleecker A, Lipchik A, Kontos AP. (2013). Are there differences in neurocognitive function and symptoms between male and female soccer players after concussions? American Journal of Sports Medicine. 41(12):2890-2895
Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs M, et al. (2006) Sex differences in baseline neuropsychological function and concussion symptoms of collegiate athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40(11):923-927.
Dick, R. (2009). Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, i46–i50. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058172
Snook, M., Henry, L., Sanfilippo, J., Zeleznik, A., Kontos, A., (2017). Association of Concussion with Abnormal Menstrual Patterns in Adolescent and Young Women. JAMA Pediatrics. 171(9):879-886 doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1140
Wunderle K, Hoeger KM, Wasserman E, Bazarian JJ. (2014) Menstrual phase as predictor of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in women. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 29(5):E1-E8.
Zuckerman SL, Apple RP, Odom MJ, Lee YM, Solomon GS, Sills AK. (2014) Effect of sex on symptoms and return to baseline in sport-related concussion. Journal of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics.13(1):72-81
Female Specific Research Analysis
Bruinvels, G., Burden, R. J., McGregor, A. J., Ackerman, K. E., Dooley, M., Richards, T., & Pedlar, C. (2017). Sport, exercise and the menstrual cycle: where is the research? Br J Sports Med, 51(6), 487-488. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096279
https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/6/487.long
Costello, J. Bieuzen, F., Bleakly. C. (2014). “Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?” European Journal of Sports Science. 14(8):847-51. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.911354
Hettrich, C., Hammoud, S. LaMont, L., Arendt, E., Hannafin, J. (2015). Sex-specific Analysis of Data in High-impact Orthopaedic Journals: How Are We Doing? Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 473:3700–3704 DOI 10.1007/s11999-015-4457-9
Mahony, K. (2018). Investigating Best Practice Sports Science and Sports Medicine Care of the Female Athlete. Churchill Fellowship.
https://www.churchilltrust.com.au/media/fellows/Mahony_K_2018_Best_practice_SSSM_care_of_the_female_athlete.pdf
Constantini, N. W., Dubnov, G., & Lebrun, C. M. (2005). The menstrual cycle and sport performance. Clin Sports Med, 24(2), e51-82, xiii-xiv. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2005.01.003
Giacomoni, M., Bernard, T., Gavarry, O., Altare, S., & Falgairette, G. (2000). Influence of the menstrual cycle phase and menstrual symptoms on maximal anaerobic performance. Med Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32(2), 486-492. doi:10.1097/00005768-200002000-00034
Gold, E. B., Wells, C., & Rasor, M. O. (2016). The Association of Inflammation with Premenstrual Symptoms. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 25(9), 865-874. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5529
Julian, R., Hecksteden, A., Fullagar, H. H., & Meyer, T. (2017). The effects of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance in female soccer players. PLoS One, 12(3), e0173951. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173951
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28288203/
Lebrun, C. M., McKenzie, D. C., Prior, J. C., & Taunton, J. E. (1995). Effects of menstrual cycle phase on athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27(3), 437-444.
Strava. (2019). Press Release - Largest Global Study of Active Women.
https://www.fitrwoman.com/post/press-release-largest-global-studyof-active-women
Menstrual cycle dysfunction in athletes
Bruinvels, G., Burden, R., Brown, N., Richards, T., & Pedlar, C. (2016). The Prevalence and Impact of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (Menorrhagia) in Elite and Non-Elite Athletes. PLoS One, 11(2), e0149881. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149881
Gordon, C. M., Ackerman, K. E., Berga, S. L., Kaplan, J. R., Mastorakos, G., Misra, M., . . . Warren, M. P. (2017). Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 102(5), 1413-1439. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00131
Hagmar, M., Berglund, B., Brismar, K., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2009). Hyperandrogenism may explain reproductive dysfunction in olympic athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(6), 1241-1248. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318195a21a
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., . . . Ljungqvist, A. (2014). The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad--Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med, 48(7), 491-497. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502
Oh, J. Y., Sung, Y. A., & Lee, H. J. (2014). Clinical implications of menstrual cycle length in oligomenorrhoeic young women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 80(1), 115-121. doi:10.1111/cen.12243
Redman, L. M., & Loucks, A. B. (2005). Menstrual disorders in athletes. Sports Med, 35(9), 747-755. doi:10.2165/00007256-200535090-00002
Teede, H. J., Misso, M. L., Boyle, J. A., Garad, R. M., McAllister, V., Downes, L., . . . International, P. N. (2018). Translation and implementation of the Australian-led PCOS guideline: clinical summary and translation resources from the International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Med J Aust, 209(S7), S3-S8.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30453865/
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). Endometriosis in Australia: prevalence and hospitalisations. Canberra: AIHW.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-disease/endometriosis-prevalence-and-hospitalisations/contents/table-of-contents
Hormonal contraception
Baillargeon, J., McClish, D., Essah, P. and Nestler, J. (2005). Association between the Current Use of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives and Cardiovascular Arterial Disease: A Meta-Analysis. . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism., 90(7), 3863-3870.
Burrows, M., & Peters, C. E. (2007). The influence of oral contraceptives on athletic performance in female athletes. Sports Med, 37(7), 557-574. doi:10.2165/00007256-200737070-00001
Cea-Soriano, L., Garcia Rodriguez, L. A., Machlitt, A., & Wallander, M. A. (2014). Use of prescription contraceptive methods in the UK general population: a primary care study. BJOG, 121(1), 53-60; discussion 60-51. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12465
Daniels, K., Daugherty, J., & Jones, J. (2014). Current contraceptive status among women aged 15-44: United States, 2011-2013. NCHS Data Brief(173), 1-8.
Kemmeren, J. M., Algra, A., & Grobbee, D. E. (2001). Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ, 323(7305), 131-134. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7305.131
Khalili, H. (2016). Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Oral Contraceptives and Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Drug Saf, 39(3), 193-197. doi:10.1007/s40264-015-0372-y
Lebrun, C. M. (1993). Effect of the different phases of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on athletic performance. Sports Med, 16(6), 400-430. doi:10.2165/00007256-199316060-00005
Martin, D., Sale, C., Cooper, S. B., & Elliott-Sale, K. J. (2018). Period Prevalence and Perceived Side Effects of Hormonal Contraceptive Use and the Menstrual Cycle in Elite Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 13(7), 926-932. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0330
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29283683/
Rechichi, C., Dawson, B., & Goodman, C. (2009). Athletic performance and the oral contraceptive. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 4(2), 151-162. doi:10.1123/ijspp.4.2.151
Schaumberg, M. A., Emmerton, L. M., Jenkins, D. G., Burton, N. W., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., & Skinner, T. L. (2018). Use of Oral Contraceptives to Manipulate Menstruation in Young, Physically Active Women. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 13(1), 82-87. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0689
Wong, C. L., Farquhar, C., Roberts, H., & Proctor, M. (2009). Oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4), CD002120. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002120.pub3
Menstrual cycle, hormonal contraception, and ACL injury
Balachandar, V., Marciniak, J. L., Wall, O., & Balachandar, C. (2017). Effects of the menstrual cycle on lower-limb biomechanics, neuromuscular control, and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk: a systematic review. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J, 7(1), 136-146. doi:10.11138/mltj/2017.7.1.136
DeFroda, S. F., Bokshan, S. L., Worobey, S., Ready, L., Daniels, A. H., & Owens, B. D. (2019). Oral contraceptives provide protection against anterior cruciate ligament tears: a national database study of 165,748 female patients. Phys Sportsmed, 47(4), 416-420. doi:10.1080/00913847.2019.1600334
Herzberg, S. D., Motu'apuaka, M. L., Lambert, W., Fu, R., Brady, J., & Guise, J. M. (2017). The Effect of Menstrual Cycle and Contraceptives on ACL Injuries and Laxity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med, 5(7), 2325967117718781. doi:10.1177/2325967117718781
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28795075/
Lefevre, N., Bohu, Y., Klouche, S., Lecocq, J., & Herman, S. (2013). Anterior cruciate ligament tear during the menstrual cycle in female recreational skiers. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 99(5), 571-575. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2013.02.005
Murphy, D. F., Connolly, D. A., & Beynnon, B. D. (2003). Risk factors for lower extremity injury: a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med, 37(1), 13-29. doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.1.13
Prior, J., Whittaker, J. L., & Scott, A. W. (2019). Adolescent combined hormonal contraceptives and surgical repair of anterior cruciate tears: a risky recommendation based on an unproven causal relationship. Phys Sportsmed, 47(3), 240-241. doi:10.1080/00913847.2019.1629739
Gender differences in concussion
Colantonio A, Mar W, Escobar M, et al. (2010) Women’s health outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Womens Health . 19(6):1109-1116.
Covassin T, Elbin RJ, Bleecker A, Lipchik A, Kontos AP. (2013). Are there differences in neurocognitive function and symptoms between male and female soccer players after concussions? American Journal of Sports Medicine. 41(12):2890-2895
Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs M, et al. (2006) Sex differences in baseline neuropsychological function and concussion symptoms of collegiate athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40(11):923-927.
Dick, R. (2009). Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, i46–i50. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058172
Snook, M., Henry, L., Sanfilippo, J., Zeleznik, A., Kontos, A., (2017). Association of Concussion with Abnormal Menstrual Patterns in Adolescent and Young Women. JAMA Pediatrics. 171(9):879-886 doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1140
Wunderle K, Hoeger KM, Wasserman E, Bazarian JJ. (2014) Menstrual phase as predictor of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in women. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 29(5):E1-E8.
Zuckerman SL, Apple RP, Odom MJ, Lee YM, Solomon GS, Sills AK. (2014) Effect of sex on symptoms and return to baseline in sport-related concussion. Journal of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics.13(1):72-81
Female Specific Research Analysis
Bruinvels, G., Burden, R. J., McGregor, A. J., Ackerman, K. E., Dooley, M., Richards, T., & Pedlar, C. (2017). Sport, exercise and the menstrual cycle: where is the research? Br J Sports Med, 51(6), 487-488. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096279
https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/6/487.long
Costello, J. Bieuzen, F., Bleakly. C. (2014). “Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?” European Journal of Sports Science. 14(8):847-51. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.911354
Hettrich, C., Hammoud, S. LaMont, L., Arendt, E., Hannafin, J. (2015). Sex-specific Analysis of Data in High-impact Orthopaedic Journals: How Are We Doing? Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 473:3700–3704 DOI 10.1007/s11999-015-4457-9
Mahony, K. (2018). Investigating Best Practice Sports Science and Sports Medicine Care of the Female Athlete. Churchill Fellowship.
https://www.churchilltrust.com.au/media/fellows/Mahony_K_2018_Best_practice_SSSM_care_of_the_female_athlete.pdf